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A Class of Serpentine in Xiuyan Jade

180 Xiuyu belongs to the serpentine class of Xiuyan jade . It is a fine jade material that was discovered in 1991. It was produced in 180 underground mines and got its name because of its depth. The color of this kind of Xiuyu belongs to dark green, the color is pure, and it will never fade, which is incomparable to other Xiuyu. For example, the common jade material commonly known as “220” Xiuyu has a lighter color, and it will fade after being stored in the air for a long time, which is really regrettable. But “180” Xiuyu does not have this kind of problem. In addition to its color, another characteristic of “180” Xiuyu is that the jade is warm and moist, with high transparency (it belongs to high-grade jade and is very suitable for processing into various artistic products. First of all, in terms of warmth, it can catch up with sheep . Fat jade , because its crystallization degree is very high, the crystal particles are very small, and the finished product will be more moist after polishing. Secondly, its transparency is very high, which is very suitable for some openwork carvings. When the light passes through, it is crystal clear, as if It is a clear water, which makes people fondle admiringly. Although the hardness is higher than that of ordinary Xiuyu, but because of its delicate quality and high toughness, it is easy to process, and can also be made into some delicate and small ornaments. And the general block is larger , can be made into some big decorations.

Regarding the quality level of Xiuyu carvings , because they are relatively complicated, there is no clear classification. The specific evaluation can be comprehensively judged according to the characteristics of the above-mentioned elements. 180 Xiuyu 180 Xiuyu 180 Xiuyu 180 Xiuyu Certainly. Regarding the quality level of raw materials, the mine has a rough standard division, which takes into account color, texture, transparency, cracks, impurities and blockiness , etc., and divides Xiuyu raw materials into four grades: special grade: emerald green, fine texture, No strands , lint , impurities, no cracks, good transparency, lumpiness greater than 50 kg; Grade 1: green, dark green, fine texture, no strands, flocs, impurities, no cracks, good transparency, and lumps greater than 10 kg; Grade; regardless of color, less strands, less wadding, less impurities, less cracks Streaks, medium transparency, lumpiness greater than 5 kg; Grade 3: regardless of color, with strands, flocs, impurities, cracks , poor transparency, and lumpiness less than 5 kg.

(1) Serpentine jade (Xiu jade, flower jade , etc.) Properties: Hardness: 4.5-5.5 degrees Density: 2.61 g/cm3 　Refractoriness : 1500-1600 degrees 180 Xiuyu 180 Xiuyu Color: green, yellow, white, red, black, etc. Composition: 　magnesium oxide (MgO) 42.1% 　silicon dioxide (SiO2) 43.8% calcium oxide (CaO) 0.15% 　crystal water (H2O) 11.7% 　ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 0.64% 180 finished products 180 finished products (3 sheets) 180 Xiuyu 180 Xiuyu The scarcity of Xiuyu 180 Due to the extremely limited amount of its storage, no “180” Xiuyu veins for commercial mining have been found since 1991, which undoubtedly adds some value to the “180” Xiuyu. After analysis, the formation age of “180” Xiuyu is also much earlier than that of other ordinary Xiuyu. It is like the core of Xiuyu, as if all Xiuyu grows with “180” Xiuyu as the center. “180” Xiuyu is the essence of the entire Xiuyu mine.

180 materials mined later There is a certain difference between the 180 material mined in the later period and the raw material mined at the beginning. The color is more sunny green and has no fluorescence. The jade material has a greasy appearance and belongs to high-grade jade material. It is still difficult for people who have never been in contact with old 180 materials to distinguish. However, the new 180 material inherits the advantages of the old material, and there is no serious water leakage. The color is translucent and clear, and the hardness is very high, and it is difficult for ordinary knives to draw marks, which is different from ordinary Xiuyu. This kind of material is basically cut off. Although there are still some mining, it is difficult to find the trace of Zhenglv 180 material.

Moyu, a precious and rare natural resource , is produced in Hetian County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region called it “precious and beautiful stone” together with diamonds , gemstones , and Hetian ink jade. Moyu refers to a precious variety of Hetian jade. It has the excellent quality of Hetian jade, firm and moist. Among them, the pure jet black is as black as ink, with heavy color and texture, fine texture, smooth and elegant . Chinese nameblack jadeForeign nameDark JadeOriginHetian County and Qiemo County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionHardnessAround Mohs4-8useInkstone treatment, knife work, handlessizedifferent sizes

The reason why black jade is very precious and rare is mainly because the natural structure and formation of black jade takes a long time. 1. Moyu is nephrite , so the first thing is to identify whether it is Hetian jade; 2. Moyu contains a lot of graphite. The real Moyu should be black and pure ink, slightly transparent, and it should not be green with jasper under the spotlight. The name Moyu is named after its color. There are Moyu with a white jade base and Moyu with a pure ink base. These two different types of Moyu can be called Moyu. The value of nephrite is higher than that of white jade, and the value of jasper is lower than that of white jade. High-grade jasper (finished product with normal thickness) will show a bright green color without strong light. The full black jasper with good texture is not the highest grade among jaspers; there are many full black jasper with poor texture, and most of them are used as stone . The ink jade with a white jade base is also different from dot ink, poly ink and full ink. black jade Moyu (2 photos) The ink-shaped black jade is what the eminent monk Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty called “瑿玉”. Someone asked before “Is there any purple Khotan jade”? What is shown in the photo is “瑿瑶”. If you observe it with a strong light and a magnifying glass , you can see countless fine dots of graphite evenly distributed, so the appearance is gray rather than purple. Hetian jade does not have purple. The black jade with white jade base is divided into different types according to the amount of graphite impregnated: a little ink, concentrated ink, full ink, flake ink, and pure ink. The quality of black jasper : black jasper belongs to jasper, and it is judged by the degree of blackness and less impurities. Because iron dioxide percolates into jasper, it has the color of sugar, which is called sugar bi, so the quality is not very good. The white jade with good texture is full of black ink jade, and the number is very small. In fact, the so-called black jade often appears in the so-called ” blue and white jade ” in the rough stone market . Blue and white jade is black star point, or cloudy or striped black lines in white jade or blue and white jade, which can be called “blue and white jade”. If blue and white jade is black (gray) and white, some people call it black and white jade . Of course, the black part is the ink-like jade, and the gray part is the ink-like jade. The black jasper on the jasper base has a green tone. There is also a kind of black Kawa stone, which is full black, but not hard enough, so it cannot be called black jade.

Moyu is a variety of Hetian jade. Although it is not as famous as white jade, it is also very precious because of its scarcity. The color is relatively low-key, and it is rare in the market. , Exquisite and rare. There are many types of black jade, because they are naturally formed, so the texture (commonly known as: meat quality) of each black jade is difficult to be the same. We can roughly divide them into four types:

This kind of jade is a kind of black jade, black and white are very distinct, and the stripes are very clear, which is the top grade, and there are also black and white mixed, which is the low grade, of course, the hardness, color, density and smoothness of jade (oily), appearance, will affect the value of jade. There are also black and white or mixed jade, collectively referred to as: blue and white jade. Good blue and white jade is also valuable. There are very few ink jades with black jade and white jade background in the market. The price is very expensive, and the market is out of stock, and no similar jade can be found.

This kind of jade is pure black in the inside and outside of the whole seed jade. Not mixed with other colors. There are very, very few black jades, and it is very rare to find pure black black jades similar to ours today, so black jades are bought and sold in grams .

As the name suggests, this jade must be Hetian Moyu, produced in the Great Gobi , and it is also classified into grades. But the particularity of Gobi black jade lies in its hardness and density. After hundreds of millions of years of wind, frost, snow and rain, the jade quality is very good, but Gobi black jade is really hard to find, especially good Gobi black jade, which is really rare, so Good Gobi black jade is expensive. ★The above four kinds of black jade are only roughly classified and briefly described, and there are many types. Each kind of black jade must also be classified into grades, such as the color, density, moistness, appearance, and size of the jade. , Due to the different grades, the price is also different. Dense and moist, the color is plump and translucent. The cotton and ink inside the jade are the natural growth texture of jade, which reflects the beauty of nature and is the basis for distinguishing quality and authenticity.

Taishan black jade belongs to serpentine jade, not Hetian jade. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishan jade was already famous in China. Taishan jade is produced in the west of Mount Tai. After expert appraisal, it is named as ” Taishan Jasper “, ” Taishan Black Jade ” and “Taishan Emerald Jade”. Taishan jade is a faceless mineral that contains various chemical substances and trace elements needed by the human body . Containers made of this jade can change the composition of water quality, treat rickets , strengthen the brain and refresh the mind, and prolong life. The products made of this jade integrate traditional crafts and modern crafts, which not only have traditional simplicity and elegance, but also have a modern life atmosphere. Similar to (Hetian) Moyu: Kawashi (Xinjiang Xiuyu ), Fuping Jade… are easy to distinguish because of insufficient density. Jade similar to black jasper: kava stone (Xinjiang Xiuyu), Taishan stone . In addition, the grains of Moyu can also be divided into three types according to the ink color: poly-ink, loose-ink, and dot-ink. Gathering ink has a high content of ink color, and the jade color is pure ink black; loose ink, the jade color is black and white ; , the content of ink color is low, and it is distributed in dots.

Weihe Moyu belongs to aphanitic quartz jade , not Hetian jade. As the largest tributary of the mother river , the Yellow River , the Weihe River was discovered in 2017. The texture is extremely hard and fine, oily and smooth. Later, it was widely used in sharp tools and tools. It was called ” touchstone “, also known as “Qin Moyu”. Because the color is as oily as ink, it is also called “ink stone”. Due to its thick color, pure light and pure sound, the caress is warm and moist, and the inside and outside are the same, giving people a sense of majesty, elegance, calmness, and dignity. The color is as oily as ink, and it likes to absorb sunlight and gather the righteousness of heaven and earth, so it also has the spirituality of warding off evil spirits and town houses. Its stone shape is mostly massive and flaky, the stone sound has a slightly metallic sound, the Mohs hardness range is 6-8 Mohs, the density is 2.65g/cm3, the cortex is sesame texture, and the density of Hetian jade is 2.95/cm3. The percussion has a metallic sound, and the touch gives a warm and gentle feeling.

Available in the market, the following types of jade are easily confused with Moyu:

Kawa stone pretends to be black jade. The characteristic is that no matter how you illuminate it, it is opaque and not oily at all. In addition, what is interesting is that kava stones are also produced in the two famous jade rivers in Hotan , Xinjiang.

Qinghai Yan Qingyu pretends to be Mo Yu. It is characterized by no scatter characteristics in the black area, natural transition between black and background color, and does not contain graphite color-causing ingredients.

Black Jasper pretends to be Moyu. Under normal sunlight, it will be pitch black, but if the edge is illuminated strongly, it will glow green. Because the essence of Xinjiang black jasper is jasper, the price span is large. The identification of this kind of jade is dark at first, and whether there are black spots in the jade under the lamp. The purer and more transparent its quality, the more valuable it is.

The real black jade is formed by the intrusion of graphite into white jade. If you punch it in with a lamp, you can see black spots on the ground of white jade. Of course, although the pitch-black one is the top grade, the edge of the jade should also be transparent, because it is white jade, and it is also extremely oily. In many cases, because it is all black and pure ink, because the white jade base cannot be seen, it is misunderstood as a black stone, so the white jade base is still required, and it is just right. In short, to distinguish the real Moyu, you need to watch and play more to find the best Moyu.

Moyu is most expensive in pure black ink, as black as pure lacquer and as fine as sheep fat , it is the best and the best of Moyu. The evaluation principles for Moyu have the following three aspects:

One is color. The color should be black, pure black. The color evaluation of colored gemstones and jade is the same principle, and the purity of color is the first.

The second is that the color distribution should be uniform. Obviously, the pure ink in the whole ink is the best, and the flake ink can only be used as a clever color . Reasonable and clever use of colors can add a lot of color to jade carvings, making jades appear vivid. It is difficult to use some ink, and it is generally removed during the jade processing process .

The third is the fineness of jade quality. The fineness of jade quality is the first choice for evaluating Hetian jade.

Moyu refers specifically to the formation of white jade infused with graphite. As Moyu, the darker the better, but it must have jade quality, otherwise it is stone. Most Moyu are gray, neither black nor white. The seed material is called “blue and white”. Generally speaking, the quality of “blue and white” jade is quite delicate, with a good sense of fat and a unique feeling in the hand. Among them, “blue and white” with distinct black and white is very popular in Yufang, and can be used for skillful carving, black and white. The clear blue and white Hetian seeds are commonly known as black and white, and the top grade requires “white as rice paper and black as ink”. It is very easy to confuse with Hetian “blue and white” on the market is Qinghai’s unique smoked sapphire. Generally speaking, the color of Qinghai’s smoked sapphire The transition is natural, without scatter characteristics (no ink dots can be seen ), because its blackness is not caused by graphite penetration, so it cannot be defined as black jade.

The correct division of ink jade is divided into dot ink, aggregate ink, full ink and pure ink according to the infiltration form of graphite. Dianmo, as the name implies, means that graphite is distributed in dots; Jumo means that graphite is relatively dense, but it does not fill up the original jade seeds, and the appearance is black and gray; full ink means that graphite occupies every space of the original jade seeds , and very dense, the “black as pure lacquer” in the whole ink is the top grade, and the pure ink is the best in the whole ink, which is extremely rare.

Black jasper is a common jade species in Xinjiang. Its color is darker than Dianmo and Jumo, so it cannot be called Moyu, because its essence is still jasper. Because of its dark top grade, it is easy to be confused with the whole ink in the black jade, and the black sapphire on the bottom sheet of sapphire is also easy to be mistaken for black jasper. Personally, I think the main point of difference is to use strong light to punch in. The black sapphire on the bottom of the sapphire can be seen with uniform and fine black spots, while the black jasper can be seen with ink clusters like seaweed , and the black jasper can be seen vertically against the jade surface under strong light. When it shines in, a transparent jade layer like a thin film plastic can be seen between the light layer and the ink layer. In terms of hand feeling, the white jade base sheet is full of ink, pure ink , waxy, soft and tough, while black jasper is hard and brittle, with a bright appearance.

In Xinjiang, there is also a kind of black serpentine often filled with black jade , which is called “Kava stone” by local people, which means “stone without jade” by Uighurs. This kind of serpentine is produced in almost all mining areas that produce Hetian jade. The main difference lies in hardness and jade quality, but even if it is black jasper , if it is not as jade quality or has a strong stone quality, it is still a stone.

Fuping moyu is a kind of dark aphaphatic limestone rich in organic matter and asphaltenes . Its main component is calcium carbonate , which contains trace amounts of titanium and silicon. It has high density and low hardness. It is a treasure for inkstone and knife work. material. It is a kind of limestone jade, which does not belong to Hetian jade.

Fuping Moyu has been mined since the Qin and Han Dynasties. According to the county annals, “The ore produced in the north of the county is gathered by people from all counties and counties. It can be engraved and polished. It is called Moyu.” It is also a famous “hometown of stone carvings” in China . Fuping Moyu and its works also have a glorious history in the history of Chinese civilization. Xi’an Forest of Steles , known as China’s largest stone carving art treasure house , has more than 1,700 cultural relics in its collection, more than 80% of which are made by Fuping Moyu. Qin Lisi ’s ” Stone Carved on Mount Yi “, ” Monument of Cao Quan ” by Heyang of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ” Monument of Huangfu’s Birthday ” by Ouyang Xun , “Duobao Pagoda” by Yan Zhenqing , “Mysterious Pagoda” by Liu Gongquan … are even more treasures of town halls. Today, whether it is a reproduction of a stele or a calligraphic stone inscription by a famous contemporary artist in the Provincial Museum , the stone materials are all taken from Fuping and carved by Fuping folk artists.

Eight hundred miles of Qinchuan in central Shaanxi is known as the “open-air stone carving art museum”. The large sculpture groups, a large number of various stone carvings, statues, and horse posts are 15 meters high from the bridge mausoleum and weigh 40 tons. The Huabiao , the mysterious wordless stele in front of the Qianling Mausoleum , and the national treasure ” Six Horses of Zhaoling ” are all made of Fuping Moyu . Dao: There are millions of floors in the huge moraine and Cuiwei. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were many tombs.

It is said that a long time ago, in the area of ​​Qiaoshan in Pinyang County (now Fuping County ) , a fairy suddenly descended one day. This fairy is not only graceful and beautiful, but also has the ability to turn stone into jade.

Pinyang County is a good place with beautiful mountains and clear waters and beautiful scenery. As soon as the fairies arrived in Pinyang County, they were fascinated by the charming scenery here: Lingqiu night moon, Baofeng stone man, phoenix spreading its wings, golden millet morning bell, stone cave books, golden pheasant crowing, golden tortoise prolonging life, Longquan waterfall . Fairies really can’t finish swimming, and can’t get enough of seeing. Unconsciously, he was fascinated by the beauty of this world , and never wanted to go back to the Heavenly Palace. The fairy goes into the pine forest every day, plays in the stream, visits the temple, climbs the dangerous peak, floats in and out, and is very happy. Over time, people found that wherever the fairies rested, the rocks turned into shiny jade. Because the fairy is very obsessed with the beautiful mountains and rivers of Pinyang and lives freely, she actually lives in Phoenix Mountain. During the day, the fairy turns into a slim rock, witnessing the endless beauty of the world. At night, she becomes a fairy, singing and dancing lightly. Ever since the fairies came, Phoenix Mountain has become singing and singing, singing birds and fragrant flowers, with green mountains and green waters, surpassing Suzhou and Hangzhou . It is precisely because of this that Tang Zhongzong took a fancy to this beautiful Fengshui land and made it his own cemetery.

Since the fairy came to Phoenix Mountain, all the stubborn stones on the mountain have turned into precious jade. The stonemasons went up the mountain one after another to dig stones, chisel jade, and carve steles and statues. Their carvings are vivid, delicate and moving, as black as lacquer, bright and clean, and many merchants come here admiringly. The emperors of the Han and Tang Dynasties also used Fuping ink jade carvings to build their own mausoleums. The black jade carvings of Fenghuang Mountain became popular in Guanzhong and became famous all over the country.

At the foot of Fenghuang Mountain , there is a landlord named Diao who loves money like his life and has a vicious heart. He heard that there was a fairy who could turn stones into jade and lived on Phoenix Mountain. He thought: If he could snatch the fairy back home, wouldn’t all the stubborn stones in his house become beautiful jade? The more he thought about it, the more beautiful he felt, and he tossed and turned until he rested without closing his eyes. As soon as the day dawned, he took a rope and hid secretly in the cave where the fairy lived. He stared at the two rogue eyes like a mouse, and waited and waited until the sunset and the fairy came back. The fairy took off the black gauze she was wearing , spread it on the stone slab, and slept with her clothes on, trying to relieve the fatigue of the day. Unexpectedly, as soon as he lay down, Landlord Diao suddenly rushed out from the darkness. When the fairy found someone in the cave, she was startled, and rushed out of the cave as if flying, and floated away. Because of her haste, the fairy forgot the black gauze on the stone slab. Seeing that the fairy had escaped, the Diao landlord pursued her all the way. After chasing from Fenghuang Mountain to Xinfu Mountain, and from Jinfu Mountain to Jinping Mountain, I chased and chased until I was out of breath, my legs were weak, and I couldn’t run anymore, but I didn’t even catch the fairy’s shadow. . Landlord Diao rolled his eyes, and suddenly remembered the ink gauze left by the fairy in the cave, so he ran back desperately. When Landlord Diao ran back to the cave, there was nothing inside. [1] 

It is said that this fairy is the niece of the Queen Mother . Ink yarn is the magic weapon for protecting the niece given by the Queen Mother. This ink gauze has the ability to touch a stone to turn black, and to turn a stone into jade. The queen mother heard that there are only red, yellow, green and blue jade in the world , but there is no black jade, so she ordered her niece to come to the world to order Fuping black jade to make up for the lack. Unexpectedly, he met this tricky landlord and left Mosha on Phoenix Mountain. After the fairy left, the ink gauze melted like snow and gradually seeped into the rocks. Since then, the stones all over the mountain have turned into jade as black as ink and as bright as a mirror. The foot of Fenghuang Mountain has also become a well-known hometown of stone carvings throughout the country.